An "onsen" in Japan is much more than a hot springs center, in a country with volcanic activity, and of course, much more than a public bath, open or closed, around which rest areas were traditionally built. Currently, any hotel worth its salt has a floor dedicated to an "onsen" and they have become a daily part of their day-to-day life.

The Japanese architecture studio led by Kengo Kuma was commissioned to create one of these facilities 200 km northwest of the capital, Tokyo, in a small town called Kusatsu, well known for its natural hot springs. The territory is dominated by the nearby Mount Kusatsu-Shirane, from which steaming waters fall towards the center of the city, the 'Yubatake', which literally means 'hot water field'.

The building, which rises near the space steaming from the hot waters, is a one-room "ryokan" (a traditional Japanese inn) called "Kusatsu Kimuraya".
This small inn is a building with only two floors. On the access level, there is a restaurant, and on the upper floor, there is a single bedroom with a hot spring bath.

Kengo Kuma was inspired by the environment with the intention of generating a direct connection between the building and the «Yubatake». It generated a protected space that is visually connected to the hot springs outside. To achieve this sensation in the small project, he included, on the black facade, Asama stones, which are found in hot springs, and arranged them on the facades following geometries that accompany the smooth and natural movement of steam.
 
The curved cutout at the bottom corner of the restaurant makes it a reference light in the smoky darkness at night. Inside, the finishes were made with “Asama” stone terrazzo and Japanese “washi” paper mixed with local crushed stones. The bedroom is a dark and cozy space with an exposed wooden deck. The adjoining bathroom, with hot springs, uses tiles that are normally used for the floor of the Yubatake.
 


Kusatsu Kimuraya by Kengo Kuma & Associates. Photograph by Kawasumi

Project description by Kengo Kuma & Associates

In the famous Kusatsu Onsen (hot spring) in Gunma Prefecture, we designed a one-room ryokan.

On the first floor, the restaurant directly faces the famous hot spring fields. By using Asama stone found in hot springs on the exterior walls, we connected the building and landscape into a three-dimensional landscape. To further harmonize with the landscape, curve geometries that resonate with the soft movement of steam rising from the hot springs govern how we arranged the use of local materials.

In the interior, local materials such as "Asama" stone terrazzo, and Japanese "washi" paper mixed with crushed local stones are present. The wet areas use tile materials that are typically used for the floor of the hot spring fields.

By incorporating material and geometrical elements of Yubatake hot springs throughout the building, we condensed the materiality of the historic town of Kusatsu into this small building.

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Architects
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Project team
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Minoru Yokoo, Yutaro Ohta, Nanako Adachi, Shoki An, Shiho Yoo, Junlin Chen.
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Collaborators
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Structural Engineer.- Suzuki Akira/A.S.A.
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Area
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123.95 m².
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Dates
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December 2021.
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Location
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Kusatsu Kimuraya. 117-1 Kusatsu, Agatsuma-gun, Gunma 377-1711, Japan.
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Photography
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Kengo Kuma was born in Yokohama (Kanagawa, Japan) in 1954. He studied architecture at the University of Tokyo, finishing his degree in 1979. In 1987, he opened the "Spatial Design Studio". In 1990 he founded "Kengo Kuma & Associates" and extended the study to Europe (Paris, France) in 2008. Since 1985 and until 2009, has taught as a visiting professor and holder at the universities of Columbia, Keio, Illinois and Tokyo.

Notable projects include Japan National Stadium (2019), V&A Dundee (2019), Odunpazari Modern Art Museum (2019), and The Suntory Museum of Art (2007).

Kengo Kuma proposes architecture that opens up new relationships between nature, technology, and human beings. His major publications include Zen Shigoto(The complete works, Daiwa S hobo)Ten Sen Men (“point, line, plane”, IwanamiShoten), Makeru Kenchiku (Architecture of Defeat, Iwanami Shoten), Shizen na Kenchiku(Natural Architecture, Iwanami Shinsho), Chii sana Kenchiku (Small Architecture, IwanamiShinsho) and many others.

Main Awards:

· 2011 The Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology's Art Encouragement Prize for "Yusuhara Wooden Bridge Museum."
· 2010 Mainichi Art Award for “Nezu Museum.”
· 2009 "Decoration Officier de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres" (France).
· 2008 Energy Performance + Architecture Award (France). Bois Magazine International Wood Architecture Award (France).
· 2002 Spirit of Nature Wood Architecture Award (Finland).
· 2001 Togo Murano Award for “Nakagawa-machi Bato Hiroshige Museum.”
· 1997 Architectural Institute of Japan Award for “Noh Stage in the Forest”. First Place, AIA DuPONT Benedictus Award for “Water/Glass” (USA).

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