Located in the eastern part of the United States, New York is the city with the most inhabitants in the country, as well as being one of the centres of the world economy since the end of the 19th century. It stands out so much for architecture, arts and fashion, it has great artistic and cultural influence worldwide.

Everyone knows that New York is famous for the magnificent skyline defined by the skyscrapers that compose it, offers a wonderful exhibition of buildings. From METALOCUS we have selected 20 buildings that you should see on a visit to New York, collecting works of different characteristics and shapes that will surprise and encourage you to get to know the big city. Among the proposals we will find works by the following architects: Atelier Christian de Portzamparc, KPF, Zaha Hadid, Diller Scofidio + Renfro, Renzo Piano, SOM, SHoP Architects, Herzog & de Meuron, BIG, OMA, Moneo Brock Studio, David Chipperfield Architects, ODA New York, Foster + Partners, Marcel Breuer, Mies van der Rohe and Gensler.  
It is catalogued as a global city, this term refers to a set of cities whose characteristics have positioned them as major references worldwide, within this group are also Paris, Tokyo and London, they stand out for their advanced urban, cultural and economic.

1. One57 tower by Atelier Christian de Portzamparc 


157 West 57th St, New York

In 2005, the president of Extell, Gary Barnett, commissioned the architect Christian de Portzamparc to project several towers located on West 57th Street, from this idea One57 was born, this 84-story tower that has crowned it as the residential building tallest in the city with 435 meters high.

The construction of the tower began in 2009 after multiple schemes and models, its program includes the Park Hyatt Hotel and a series of residential apartments with magnificent views of Central Park, the design of the interior spaces were commissioned to the renowned designer Thomas Juul- Hansen.

The south facade, where the main entrance is located, is composed of vertical bands of glass in different bluish tones, it is not smooth, it has a series of cuts that break the monotony, with which the architect Christian de Portzamparc seeks to create a waterfall in the vertical landscape of New York through the composition of different shapes and colours. The east and west facades have a random aesthetic in which the glass in different bluish tones is arranged in a pixelated way.

33rd Street with Tenth Avenue Manhattan, New York

Located on the West Side of Manhattan, is this magnificent office tower projected by the KPF architectural firm, considered the tallest building in the Hudson Yards complex with just over 380 meters high at the top. In March 2020, one of the greatest attractions of this tower was inaugurated, the Edge observation platform.

Initially, it was thought that the Edge could be part of other buildings or be a terrace, however, it was concluded that the platform itself is a design element, the 30 Hudson Yards is understood as a large tree and the Edge as a branch of it.

The platform projected by KPF has 360-degree views of the city, plus the building itself has excellent views of the Hudson River. Located on the 100th floor of the tower, its 345 meters high make it the highest observation platform in the Western Hemisphere. Covering a surface area of ​​just over 2,300 square meters, it is surrounded by a series of high-rise glass walls that allow visitors to lean in and take in the magnificent views it offers.

The 520 west 28th building inaugurated in 2013 is the first project of the architect Zaha Hadid in New York, located near the renowned High Line and with incredible views of it, this 11-storey residential building has more than 12 different types of housing, among which we find duplexes and triplexes, it has a total of 39 apartments.

It has a series of common spaces in which we find a 23-meter heated pool with a large skylight that fills the space with natural light, a cinema room and a gym, as well as a garden area that was created by Future Green Studio.

The project includes advanced technology systems, the apartments that compose it are connected to function as "smart homes", thus it also has a robotic parking system, an automated storage system.

545 West 30th St, New York

Inaugurated in 2019, The Shed projected by Diller Scofidio + Renfro in collaboration with Rockwell Group is an arts centre in which multiple disciplines coincide such as the visual arts or the performing arts, this peculiar building will have the ability to expand and contract thanks to a telescopic housing.

The Shed has 8 levels and in its program, we find a gallery, a theatre, a rehearsal space, a creative laboratory and a space for events, the versatility and technology that it possesses makes The Shed able to respond to the constant changing needs of the artists.

It is built taking as a reference the Fun Palace, the failed project of the British architect Cedric Price in which space was understood as a machine, in which the flexibility of the space was given main importance, the inhabitant not only visited the space but also participated in it.

The new urban plan of the Manhattanville Campus for Columbia University was born from the union between the architect Renzo Piano and the architecture firm SOM, the project seeks to create a space in commitment to diversity and accessibility, in its little more than 631,000 meters built squares we will find academic, research, recreational, residential and administrative spaces, as well as spaces for commercial and cultural use and common spaces that promote relationships between students.

The Manhattanville Campus seeks to be a permeable space, which in addition to being related to the neighbourhood is part of it, therefore the academic activity is located on the upper floors, in this way the ground floors of the buildings will be dedicated to public activity. The complex will take place in different phases, the first of which includes the Jerome L. Greene Science Center, the Lenfest Center for the Arts, the School of International and Public Affairs, and a dedicated meeting building.

In 2018 the university inaugurated The Forum located at the corner of 125th Street and Broadway, the building projected by Renzo Piano is the new gateway to the Campus, completing the first construction phase that we talked about previously, just like its neighbours it has large glass areas that they will allow a great entrance of natural light, in addition to offering a splendid panorama of the campus.

On a corner between 14th Street and 5th Avenue in Manhattan, we find a new university centre projected by the architecture studio SOM with 18,581 square meters of space dedicated to teaching on the first seven floors and 13,935 square meters dedicated to dormitories on the floors. superiors.

The program includes fashion studios, drawing, classrooms, science labs, an auditorium, common library, cafeteria, resource room, offices, and lounge areas. The building projected by SOM stands out for its circulation and distribution of the interior spaces.

The staircase is the fundamental element of the project, which in addition to connecting all the spaces, defines the areas in which the windows of the facade are located. The materials used are mainly steel and glass, the complex is defined as the largest construction project in a little more than 90 years of the university's history.

626 1st Avenue, New York

Located in the luxurious Murray Hill neighbourhood of Manhattan we find these two residential towers also known as the American Copper Buildings projected by the studio SHoP Architects, this particular complex is made up of two copper-clad towers that are connected by a bridge.

The sky bridge houses various facilities for the users of the complex, such as a training pool and a lounge. The SHoP Architects studio also made the design of the common interior areas such as the lobbies, and the interior designs of the houses.

Because the American Copper Buildings are located in an area that was once flooded during Sandy, the building is designed to be completely self-sufficient in an emergency, so the west tower has an alternative power generation facility.

Located at number 56 of Leonard street in the Tribeca neighbourhood, this 57-meter high tower projected by the Herzog & de Meuron studio rises, the tower seeks to create a more individual and personal experience in its inhabitants, this is achieved by designing a series of apartments in which practically none is similar to another, each apartment is unique.

The project began from the inside out, at first, the individual rooms were projected, which were understood as pixels on the floor of each of the floors, in the same way, it was also done with the terraces and balconies, thanks to this system, in the tower only 5 houses of the 145 that compose it are repeated.

About construction, an exhaustive study of indigenous construction methods provided Herzog & de Meuron with the possibility of modifying the floors, cantilevers and balconies of each of the houses so that they were unrepeatable.

Located in the Harlem neighbourhood, in Upper Manhattan, we find the Smile building, the first residential building projected in Harlem by the BIG. The project was born from a reinterpretation of the construction of towers with a "stepped façade" imposed in 1916.

The facade of the building is slightly undulating towards the interior, contrasting with the linear edges of the two adjoining buildings, in this way BIG seeks that the street has better access to natural light.

The Smile building is made up of 233 units, in which we will find houses, a gym, a spa, a sauna, coworking spaces and a swimming pool on the rooftop area, in the interior spaces a warm and minimalist colour palette will predominate, while in the which refers to the facade, it is made of blackened stainless steel.

Located in the historic Soho neighbourhood we will find 565 Broome Street projected by the architect Renzo Piano, it is a residential tower 30 stories high, which offers us one of the best panoramic views of New York City and the Hudson River.

565 Broome Street consists of 115 apartments and approximately 100 meters high, in its program we find different types of housing, studios, four-bedroom houses, duplexes and penthouses, in addition to 1,580 square meters of services in which we will have a covered heated pool, steam room, sauna, gym, games room and a landscaped inner courtyard.

All apartments will have large floor-to-ceiling windows that allow greater natural light in addition to magnificent views. The curved façade at the corners will have a glass and steel cladding, with which Renzo Piano seeks an elegant reinterpretation of the cast-iron architecture that was formerly characteristic of the neighbourhood.

121 East 22nd St, New York

Located at 121 East 22nd Street, a peculiar residential building projected by OMA rises, this project was developed from the study of the place since it encompasses two separate neighbourhoods Gramercy Park and Madison Square Park.

The plot of the L-shaped building facilitated the connection between the two neighbourhoods that the OMA studio was looking for, the project defines two planes that join on 23rd street forming a peculiar three-dimensional corner, in which the different planes that compose it fold in and out.

This joint extends to the South Tower, which has a series of windows that define an undulating perforated grid overlooking 22nd Street, where the main entrance to the complex is located.

550 West 120th St, New York

The building projected by the Moneo Brock studio has its origin in the Morningside Heights plan designed by Meade McKim & Whit for Columbia University since the fundamental premise was that the new building should adapt to this plan.

One of the main problems to be solved was the connection between the campus and the street, in addition, the building had to adapt to the existing structure of the Francis S. Levien gymnasium, so Moneo Brock is forced to build and adapt most of it of the new building on this existing structure.

Both outside and inside a minimalist colour palette stands out, in which the use of white and wood stands out, the peculiar facade stands out for the irregularity of the patterns that compose it, the use of patterns is also visible in some interior rooms.

Located in Bryant Park, a small public park located in the heart of Manhattan is the new 32-story skyscraper projected by David Chipperfield Architects surrounded by several historic buildings such as the New York Public Library and the Knox Building.

The program includes a hotel up to the 14th floor and private residences on the remaining floors, each user has a separate lobby at street level. The tower is developed from three parts: base, centre and crown, typical of the traditional composition of towers.

The building project by David Chipperfield Architects has a structure made of concrete, it has large floor-to-ceiling windows that open to the balconies providing the client with splendid views of the landscape, while the facade relates to the nearby historical buildings.
 

Located between Delancey and Rivington Streets stands this particular building projected by the ODA New York studio, which seeks to avoid the construction of the typical high-rise flat rectangle, in which the largest mass of the building is at its base.

100 Norfolk was born as a singular project in which the previous concept is reverted through an exhaustive study, ODA New York projects a building which from the construction of a series of steep overhangs creates a building in which it goes from less to more, most of the mass is located in the highest part.

There is a great horizontal growth, the complex rises on a narrow base that is enlarged as it increases in level. The façade is made up of a large curtain wall that brings more light to the complex. 

100 East 53rd St, New York

Located on the corner of Lexington and 53rd Street in Manhattan is this 61-story-tall residential tower projected by Fosters and Partners, which is neighbouring two 20th-century modernist icons, SOM's Lever House (1952), and the Seagram Building (1958) by Mies van der Rohe.

The 216-meter-high skyscraper is influenced by the historic buildings that surround it, as Fosters and Partners follow the same philosophy as Mies, the tower has a slim shape and a simple façade that responds to an orthogonal white design that stands out between the other buildings.

The tower has a bar, restaurant, spa, swimming pool, lounge areas and several levels of apartments. A large curtain wall surrounds the tower, and hides its structural elements, also allowing the interior spaces to be flooded with light.

Located in the Meatpacking District, between the Hudson River and the renowned High Line urban park, we find the Whitney Museum projected by Renzo Piano, the growth of his collection led him to move from his old home located on Madison Avenue.

With an asymmetrical geometry and 8 stories high, the museum projected by Renzo Piano is mostly oriented towards the Hudson River, with several levels of terraces that offer us wonderful views of the High Line, including it in the project. The building is clad in steel panels and enamelled in a blue-grey colour palette.

With just over 4600 m², the exhibition spaces are distributed from the 5th to the 8th floors, with the 5th floor being the one with the most extensive exhibition space, while on the 3rd floor there is the double-height theatre that offers great views of the Hudson River.

Located in front of the Hudson River on 57th Street, west of Manhattan, we find the particular VIA 57 West tower projected by BIG, this being the first project of the Danish studio in the United States, the building has 709 residential units.

The 34-storey high tower projected by BIG is arranged around a central courtyard, however, it does not have the typical rectangular shape that comes to mind when we think of a "tower", but is arranged in a pyramidal shape, creating a mix between the traditional apple concept and the tower concept.

Its program includes offices, residential units, commercial area, community facilities and parking, as well as a series of services for the inhabitants such as a basketball court, swimming pool, gym, projection room and space for commercial use on the ground floor.

Located on Madison Avenue, on 75th Street, is the Met Breuer, projected by the architect Marcel Breuer, which at the time was the headquarters of the Whitney Museum, of which we have spoken before, is now one more extension of the Met's program inaugurated in 2016.

The building was inaugurated in 1966, it is presented as a large block of granite in the shape of an inverted staircase from which the small windows that protrude from the facade stand out, its design fully corresponds to the characteristics of Brutalism, an architectural language that Marcel Breuer adopted around it. from the 60s.

The complex will be part of the Met's program for 8 years, thanks to an agreement between the Met and the Whitney Museum, the complex will host exhibitions of varied themes and will host both culture and a wide public educational offer.

320 East 43rd St, New York

Located where the Hospital for Special Surgery once stood, the Ford Foundation was built between 1963 and 1968 by Kevin Roche and John Dinkeloo. In 2016, the building reform procedures began to comply with the municipal code, this rehabilitation was made by the Gensler architecture studio.

The building is developed from a central garden, with a height of just over 60 meters, has an exterior finish of corten steel and pink granite, with large glass windows that allow light to flood the interior.

With a budget of 190 million, the rehabilitation made by Gensler consists of maintaining the initial structure of the building, the purpose is to modernize the most emblematic spaces, expand the meeting spaces and create a world center for philanthropy and civil society.       

Located on Park Avenue, Manhattan, the Seagram Building was projected between 1954 and 1958 by the architect Mies van der Rohe in collaboration with Philip Johnson, the 38-story office skyscraper is the closest representation of the current skyscraper model.

The project is defined as a tower surrounded by a large greyish-pink curtain wall with a bronze finish that gives it that characteristic glossy brown colour and a steel structure. The building responds to the motto that characterized the architect so much "less is more" with its slender shape and orthogonal design.

Mies also made the Seagram Plaza project, the space in which the building is located, the architect designed a space in which he could disconnect from the hustle despite being surrounded by the main street such as Park Avenue.

Christian de Portzamparc, born in Casablanca in 1944, is an architect and urban planner. He graduated from the Paris School of Fine Arts in 1969 and set up his agency, the Atelier Christian de Portzamparc, in 1980. Based in Paris, France, the Atelier is a global operation with a close-knit team of 100 employees who enjoy positive working relationships with established partners around the world. Organized into several “studios”, they work with partners on a wide variety of ambitious international projects. As well as constructing buildings, Christian de Portzamparc, an architect, urban planner and painter, is engaged in the search for form and meaning.

From the city to the object, Christian de Portzamparc has worked on towers since his first projects in 1974. His best known tower is the LVMH Tower in New York, USA, completed in 1999 (Business Week and Architectural Record award 2006), followed by the competition for the Hearst tower in 2000 and soon to be accompanied by the residential tower 400 Park Avenue in Manhattan, New York, USA, approved by the City Planning authorities in 2004 and for which the site demolition started in December 2011. The 603-feet high headquarters of French bank Société Générale at La Défense district in Paris, the Granite Tower (completed in 2008) is the first sustainable high-rise building in France (H.E.Q. certified, the French equivalent of the North American LEED).

In 1994, Christian de Portzamparc became the first French architect to gain the prestigious Pritzker Architecture Prize at the age of 50. He has been made Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres, Officier de l’Ordre du Mérite and Chevalier de l’Ordre de la Légion d’Honneur, and was awarded the Grand Prix d’Architecture de la Ville de Paris in 1990, the Médaille d’Argent in 1992 and the Grand Prix National d’Architecture in 1998. He has also been appointed an Honorory Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (A.I.A.). The most prestigious city planning prize in France, Grand Prix de l’Urbanisme, was awarded to him in 2004. In 2006, the Collège de France created a 53rd chair dedicated to “artistic creation”, Christian de Portzamparc was its first holder.

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Kohn Pedersen Fox (KPF) is an American architecture firm which provides architecture, interior, programming and master planning services for clients in both the public and private sectors. KPF is one of the largest architecture firms in the world and is currently one of the largest in New York City,[1] where it is located.

Today, KPF's projects include civic and cultural spaces, commercial office buildings, transportation facilities, residential and hospitality developments, educational and institutional facilities, and diverse mixed-use commercial developments. KPF’s projects over the last 10 years include Roppongi Hills in Tokyo (2003), Unilever House in London (2007), the Mandarin Oriental, Las Vegas (2009), the Stephen M. Ross School of Business in Ann Arbor (2009), the RBC Centre in Toronto (2009), the University of Minnesota Science Teaching and Student Services Center (2010), Centra Metropark in Iselin, New Jersey (2011), the Heron Tower in London (2011) and the Buffalo United States Courthouse (2011). Over the past few years, KPF has completed the tallest towers in a number of countries: Lotte World Tower, the tallest in Korea (2015), the International Commerce Centre, the tallest in Hong Kong (2011), Tour First, the tallest building in France (2011).
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Zaha Hadid, (Bagdad, 31 October 1950 – Miami, 31 March 2016) founder of Zaha Hadid Architects, was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize (considered to be the Nobel Prize of architecture) in 2004 and is internationally known for both her theoretical and academic work.

Each of her dynamic and innovative projects builds on over thirty years of revolutionary exploration and research in the interrelated fields of urbanism, architecture and design. Hadid’s interest lies in the rigorous interface between architecture, landscape and geology as her practice integrates natural topography and human-made systems, leading to experimentation with cutting-edge technologies. Such a process often results in unexpected and dynamic architectural forms.

Education: Hadid studied architecture at the Architectural Association from 1972 and was awarded the Diploma Prize in 1977.

Teaching: She became a partner of the Office for Metropolitan Architecture, taught at the AA with OMA collaborators Rem Koolhaas and Elia Zenghelis, and later led her own studio at the AA until 1987. Since then she has held the Kenzo Tange Chair at the Graduate School of Design, Harvard University; the Sullivan Chair at the University of Illinois, School of Architecture, Chicago; guest professorships at the Hochschule für Bildende Künste in Hamburg; the Knolton School of Architecture, Ohio and the Masters Studio at Columbia University, New York. In addition, she was made Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, Fellow of the American Institute of Architecture and Commander of the British Empire, 2002. She is currently Professor at the University of Applied Arts in Vienna, Austria and was the Eero Saarinen Visiting Professor of Architectural Design at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.

Awards: Zaha Hadid’s work of the past 30 years was the subject of critically-acclaimed retrospective exhibitions at New York’s Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in 2006, London’s Design Museum in 2007 and the Palazzo della Ragione, Padua, Italy in 2009. Her recently completed projects include the MAXXI Museum in Rome; which won the Stirling award in 2010. Hadid’s outstanding contribution to the architectural profession continues to be acknowledged by the most world’s most respected institutions. She received the prestigious ‘Praemium Imperiale’ from the Japan Art Association in 2009, and in 2010, the Stirling Prize – one of architecture’s highest accolades – from the Royal Institute of British Architects. Other recent awards include UNESCO naming Hadid as an ‘Artist for Peace’ at a ceremony in their Paris headquarters last year. Also in 2010, the Republic of France named Hadid as ‘Commandeur de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres’ in recognition of her services to architecture, and TIME magazine included her in their 2010 list of the ‘100 Most Influential People in the World’. This year’s ‘Time 100’ is divided into four categories: Leaders, Thinkers, Artists and Heroes – with Hadid ranking top of the Thinkers category.

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Diller Scofidio + Renfro Studio. Founded in 1981, Diller Scofidio + Renfro (DS+R) is a design studio whose practice spans the fields of architecture, urban design, installation art, multi-media performance, digital media, and print. With a focus on cultural and civic projects, DS+R’s work addresses the changing role of institutions and the future of cities. The studio is based in New York and is comprised of over 100 architects, designers, artists and researchers, led by four partners--Elizabeth Diller, Ricardo Scofidio, Charles Renfro and Benjamin Gilmartin.

DS+R completed two of the largest architecture and planning initiatives in New York City’s recent history: the adaptive reuse of an obsolete, industrial rail infrastructure into the High Line, a 1.5 mile-long public park, and the transformation of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts’ half-century-old campus. The studio is currently engaged in two more projects significant to New York, scheduled to open in 2019: The Shed, the first multi-arts center designed to commission, produce, and present all types of performing arts, visual arts, and popular culture, and the renovation and expansion of The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). Most recently, the studio was also selected to design: Adelaide Contemporary, a new gallery and public sculpture park in South Australia; the Centre for Music, which will be a permanent home for the London Symphony Orchestra; and a new collection and research centre for the V&A in Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.

Recent projects include the 35-acre Zaryadye Park adjacent to the Kremlin in Moscow; the Museum of Image & Sound on Copacabana Beach in Rio de Janeiro; The Broad, a contemporary art museum in Los Angeles; the Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive at the University of California, Berkeley; the Roy and Diana Vagelos Education Center at Columbia University in New York; and The Juilliard School in Tianjin, China.

DS+R’s independent work includes the Blur Building, a pavilion made of fog on Lake Neuchâtel for the Swiss Expo; Exit, an immersive data-driven installation about human migration at the Palais de Tokyo in Paris; Charles James: Beyond Fashion at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York; Arbores Laetae, an animated micro-park for the Liverpool Biennial; Musings on a Glass Box at the Fondation Cartier pour l’art contemporain in Paris; and Pierre Chareau: Modern Architecture and Design at the Jewish Museum in New York. A major retrospective of DS+R’s work was mounted at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York. Most recently, the studio designed two site-specific installations at the 2018 Venice Biennale and the Costume Institute’s Heavenly Bodies: Fashion and the Catholic Imagination exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York. DS+R also directed and produced The Mile-Long Opera: a biography of 7 o’clock, a free, choral performance featuring 1,000 singers atop the High Line, co-created with David Lang.

DS+R has authored several books: The High Line (Phaidon Press, 2015), Lincoln Center Inside Out: An Architectural Account (Damiani, 2013), Flesh: Architectural Probes (Princeton Architectural Press, 2011), Blur: The Making of Nothing (Harry N. Abrams, 2002), and Back to the Front: Tourisms of War (Princeton Architectural Press, 1996).

DS+R has been distinguished with the first MacArthur Foundation fellowship awarded in the field of architecture, Time Magazine's "100 Most Influential" list, the Smithsonian Institution's 2005 National Design Award, the Medal of Honor and the President's Award from AIA New York, and Wall Street Journal Magazine's 2017 Architecture Innovator of the Year Award. Ricardo Scofidio and Elizabeth Diller are fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Letters and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and are International Fellows at the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA).
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Renzo Piano was born in Genoa, Italy, in 1937 to a family of builders. He graduated Milan Polytechnic in 1964 and began to work with experimental light-weight structures and basic shelters. In 1971, he founded the Piano & Rogers studio and, together with Richard Rogers, won the competition for the Centre Pompidou in Paris. From the early 1970s to the 1990s, Piano collaborated with engineer Peter Rice, founding Atelier Piano & Rice in 1977. In 1981, he established the Renzo Piano Building Workshop, with offices today in Genoa, Paris and New York. Renzo Piano has been awarded the highest honors in architecture, including; the Pritzker Prize; RIBA Royal Gold Medal; Medaille d’Or, UIA; Erasmus Prize; and most recently, the Gold Medal of the AIA.

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Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM) is one of the leading architecture, interior design, engineering, and urban planning firms in the world, with a 75-year reputation for design excellence and a portfolio that includes some of the most important architectural accomplishments of the 20th and 21st centuries.

Since its inception, SOM has been a leader in the research and development of specialized technologies, new processes and innovative ideas, many of which have had a palpable and lasting impact on the design profession and the physical environment.

The firm’s longstanding leadership in design and building technology has been honored with more than 1,700 awards for quality, innovation, and management. The American Institute of Architects has recognized SOM twice with its highest honor, the Architecture Firm Award—in 1962 and again in 1996. The firm maintains offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Washington, D.C., London, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Mumbai, and Abu Dhabi.

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SHoP Architects was founded twenty years ago in New York and today is an interdisciplinary staff of 180 people. The studio has been recognized with awards such as Fast Company’s “Most Innovative Architecture Firm in the World” in 2014, and the Smithsonian/Cooper Hewitt’s “National Design Award for Architecture” in 2009.
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Herzog & de Meuron Architekten is a Swiss architecture firm, founded and headquartered in Basel, Switzerland in 1978. The careers of founders and senior partners Jacques Herzog (born 1950), and Pierre de Meuron (born 1950), closely paralleled one another, with both attending the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zürich. They are perhaps best known for their conversion of the giant Bankside Power Station in London to the new home of the Tate Museum of Modern Art (2000). Jacques Herzog and Pierre de Meuron have been visiting professors at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design since 1994 (and in 1989) and professors at ETH Zürich since 1999. They are co-founders of the ETH Studio Basel – Contemporary City Institute, which started a research programme on processes of transformation in the urban domain.

Herzog & de Meuron is a partnership led by five Senior Partners – Jacques Herzog, Pierre de Meuron, Christine Binswanger, Ascan Mergenthaler and Stefan Marbach. An international team of 38 Associates and about 362 collaborators.

Herzog & de Meuron received international attention very early in their career with the Blue House in Oberwil, Switzerland (1980); the Stone House in Tavole, Italy (1988); and the Apartment Building along a Party Wall in Basel (1988).  The firm’s breakthrough project was the Ricola Storage Building in Laufen, Switzerland (1987).  Renown in the United States came with Dominus Winery in Yountville, California (1998). The Goetz Collection, a Gallery for a Private Collection of Modern Art in Munich (1992), stands at the beginning of a series of internationally acclaimed museum buildings such as the Küppersmühle Museum for the Grothe Collection in Duisburg, Germany (1999). Their most recognized buildings include Prada Aoyama in Tokyo, Japan (2003); Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany (2005); the new Cottbus Library for the BTU Cottbus, Germany (2005); the National Stadium Beijing, the Main Stadium for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China; VitraHaus, a building to present Vitra’s “Home Collection“, Weil am Rhein, Germany (2010); and 1111 Lincoln Road, a multi-storey mixed-use structure for parking, retail, a restaurant and a private residence in Miami Beach, Florida, USA (2010), the Actelion Business Center in Allschwil/Basel, Switzerland (2010). In recent years, Herzog & de Meuron have also completed projects such as the New Hall for Messe Basel Switzerland (2013), the Ricola Kräuterzentrum in Laufen (2014), which is the seventh building in a series of collaborations with Ricola, with whom Herzog & de Meuron began to work in the 1980s; and the Naturbad Riehen (2014), a public natural swimming pool. In April 2014, the practice completed its first project in Brazil: the Arena do Morro in the neighbourhood of Mãe Luiza, Natal, is the pioneering project within the wider urban proposal “A Vision for Mãe Luiza”.

Herzog & de Meuron have completed 6 projects since the beginning of 2015: a new mountain station including a restaurant on top of the Chäserrugg (2262 metres above sea level) in Toggenburg, Switzerland; Helsinki Dreispitz, a residential development and archive in Münchenstein/Basel, Switzerland; Asklepios 8 – an office building on the Novartis Campus in Basel, Switzerland; the Slow Food Pavilion for Expo 2015 in Milan, Italy; the new Bordeaux stadium, a 42’000 seat multifunctional stadium for Bordeaux, France; Miu Miu Aoyama, a 720 m² boutique for the Prada-owned brand located on Miyuki Street, across the road from Prada Aoyama, Tokyo, Japan.

In many projects the architects have worked together with artists, an eminent example of that practice being the collaboration with Rémy Zaugg, Thomas Ruff and with Michael Craig-Martin.

Professionally, the Herzog & de Meuron partnership has grown to become an office with over 120 people worldwide. In addition to their headquarters in Basel, they have offices in London, Munich and San Francisco. Herzog has explained, “We work in teams, but the teams are not permanent. We rearrange them as new projects begin. All of the work results from discussions between Pierre and me, as well as our other partners, Harry Gugger and Christine Binswanger. The work by various teams may involve many different talents to achieve the best results which is a final product called architecture by Herzog & de Meuron.”

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Bjarke Ingels (born in Copenhagen, 1974) studied architecture at the Royal Academy in Copenhagen and at the School of Architecture of Barcelona, ​​obtaining his degree as an architect in 1998. He is the founder of the BIG architecture studio - (Bjarke Ingels Group), studio founded in 2005, after co-founding PLOT Architects in 2001 with his former partner Julien de Smedt, whom he met while working at the prestigious OMA studio in Rotterdam.

Bjarke has designed and completed award-winning buildings worldwide, and currently his studio is based with venues in Copenhagen and New York. His projects include The Mountain, a residential complex in Copenhagen, and the innovative Danish Maritime Museum in Elsinore.

With the PLOT study, he won the Golden Lion at the Venice Biennale in 2004, and with BIG he has received numerous awards such as the ULI Award for Excellence in 2009. Other prizes are the Culture Prize of the Crown Prince of Denmark in 2011; and Along with his architectural practice, Bjarke has taught at Harvard University, Yale University, Columbia University and Rice University and is an honorary professor at the Royal Academy of Arts, School of Architecture in Copenhagen.

In 2018, Bjarke received the Knight's Cross of the Order of Dannebrog granted by Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II. He is a frequent public speaker and continues to give lectures at places such as TED, WIRED, AMCHAM, 10 Downing Street or the World Economic Forum. In 2018, Bjarke was appointed Chief Architectural Advisor by WeWork to advise and develop the design vision and language of the company for buildings, campuses and neighborhoods around the world.

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Office for Metropolitan Architecture (OMA) is an international practice operating within the traditional boundaries of architecture and urbanism. AMO, a research and design studio, applies architectural thinking to domains beyond. OMA is led by eight partners – Rem Koolhaas, Reinier de Graaf, Ellen van Loon, Shohei Shigematsu, Iyad Alsaka, Chris van Duijn, Jason Long, and Managing Partner-Architect David Gianotten – and maintains offices in Rotterdam, New York, Hong Kong, Doha, and Australia. OMA-designed buildings currently under construction are the renovation of Kaufhaus des Westens (KaDeWe) in Berlin, The Factory in Manchester, Hangzhou Prism, the CMG Times Center in Shenzhen and the Simone Veil Bridge in Bordeaux.

OMA’s completed projects include Taipei Performing Arts Centre (2022), Audrey Irmas Pavilion in Los Angeles (2020), Norra Tornen in Stockholm (2020), Axel Springer Campus in Berlin (2020), MEETT Toulouse Exhibition and Convention Centre (2020), Galleria in Gwanggyo (2020), WA Museum Boola Bardip (2020), nhow RAI Hotel in Amsterdam (2020), a new building for Brighton College (2020), and Potato Head Studios in Bali (2020). Earlier buildings include Fondazione Prada in Milan (2018), Garage Museum of Contemporary Art in Moscow (2015), De Rotterdam (2013), CCTV Headquarters in Beijing (2012), Casa da Música in Porto (2005), and the Seattle Central Library (2004).

AMO often works in parallel with OMA's clients to fertilize architecture with intelligence from this array of disciplines. This is the case with Prada: AMO's research into identity, in-store technology, and new possibilities of content-production in fashion helped generate OMA's architectural designs for new Prada epicenter stores in New York and Los Angeles. In 2004, AMO was commissioned by the European Union to study its visual communication, and designed a colored "barcode" flag, combining the flags of all member states, which was used during the Austrian presidency of the EU. AMO has worked with Universal Studios, Amsterdam's Schiphol airport, Heineken, Ikea, Condé Nast, Harvard University and the Hermitage. It has produced Countryside: The Future, a research exhibited at Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York; exhibitions at the Venice Architecture Biennale, including Public Works (2012), Cronocaos (2010), and The Gulf (2006); and for Fondazione Prada, including When Attitudes Become Form (2012) and Serial and Portable Classics (2015). AMO, with Harvard University, was responsible for the research and curation of the 14th Venice Architecture Biennale and its publication Elements. Other notable projects are Roadmap 2050, a plan for a Europe-wide renewable energy grid; Project Japan, a 720-page book on the Metabolism architecture movement (Taschen, 2010); and the educational program of Strelka Institute in Moscow.

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José Rafael Moneo Vallés (born May 9. Tudela, Navarra,1937) is a Spanish architect. He was won the Pritzker Prize for architecture in 1996. He studied at the ETSAM, Technical University of Madrid (UPM) from which he received his architectural degree in 1961. From 1958 to 1961 he worked with the architect Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza in Madrid and from 1961-62 in Hellebaeck, Denmark with Jørn Utzon. In 1963 he was awarded a fellowship at the Spanish Academy in Rome. Upon his return to Spain in 1965, he opened his office in Madrid and began teaching at the Escuela Técnica Superior of Madrid.

In 1970 he won a teaching chair in architectural theory at the Escuela Técnica Superior of Barcelona. From 1980 to 1985 he was chaired professor of composition at the Escuela Técnica Superior of Madrid. He has taught architecture at various locations around the world and from 1985 to 1990 was the chairman of Harvard Graduate School of Design, where he is the first Josep Lluís Sert Professor of Architecture. In 1991 he was named Josep Lluís Sert Professor of Architecture at Harvard University Graduate School of Design where he continues to lecture as Professor Emeritus. He became Academic Numerary in the Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando in Madrid in May 1997.

Spanish constructions of his design include the renovation of the Villahermosa Palace (Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum) in Madrid, the National Museum of Roman Art in Mérida, an expansion of the Madrid Atocha railway station, the Diestre Factory in Zaragoza, Pilar and Joan Miró Foundation in Majorca the headquarters of the Bankinter (again, in Madrid), Town Hall in Logroño. He also designed the annex to the Murcia Town Hall, which was completed in 1998. His latest works are the enlargement of the Prado Museum, the extension of the Bank of Spain, an almost totally mimetic reproduction of the existing building and the extension of the Madrid Atocha railway station 2011.

Some of Moneo's prominent works in the US include the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles, the Davis Art Museum at Wellesley College in Massachusetts and the Audrey Jones Beck Building (an expansion of the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston). Moneo also designed the Chace Center, a new building for the Rhode Island School of Design. Moneo's most recent work is the Northwest Corner Building (formerly the Interdepartmental Science Building) at Columbia University in New York City, which first opened in December 2010.

Moneo is in possession of prestigious international awards including the Prize of architecture Arnold W. Brunner Memorial (1993) of the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the Schock Prize in Visual Arts (1993) in Stockholm, the Pritzker Prize (1996), the Antonio Feltrinelli (1998) of the National Academy of Lincei in Rome and Mies van der Rohe (2001) of Barcelona.

Biography Dates

  1937 Born in Tudela, Navarra Spain
  1958-61 Worked at the office of Francisco Javier Sáenz de Oiza
  1961 Obtained degree from the Escuela Técnica Superior, Madrid
  1962 Worked at the office of Jǿrn Utzon, Denmark
  1963 Spent two years at the Spanish Academy, Rome
  1967 Diestre Factory, Zaragoza, Spain
  1976 Bankinter (Bank) in Madrid
  1981 City Hall of Logrono, Spain
  1985-90 Dean at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design
  1986 National Museum of Roman Art, Mérida, Spain
  1987 L’Illa Diagonal, Barcelona, Spain, in collaboration with Manuel Solà-Morales
  1990 Kursaal Auditorium and Congress Center, San Sebastián, Spain
  1991 Murcia City Hall Extension, Spain
San Pablo Airport, Seville, Spain
  1992 Madrid Atocha railway station
The Pilar and Joan Miro Foundation, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
  1996 Pritzker Architecture Prize
Souks, Beirut, Lebanon
  1998 Moderna Museet and Swedish Centre for Architecture and Design, Stockholm, Sweden
  2000 Audrey Jones Beck Building, Houston, Texas
  2001 Iesu Church, San Sebastián, Spain
  2002 Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, Los Angeles, California
  2003 RIBA Royal Gold Medal
  2005 Northwest Corner Building, Columbia University, New York, USA, in collaboration with Moneo-Brock Studio
  2007 Museo del Prado extension, Madrid, Spain
Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, USA
  2009 New Library of the University of Deusto, Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
  2012 Thomas Jefferson Medal in Architecture
Prince of Asturias Award for the Arts
  2015
2017
Museum University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
Praemium Imperiale
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Moneo Brock Studio is an architecture firm characterized by the intensity of its design focus. The Studio's principals, Belén Moneo (Harvard, 1988) and Jeff Brock (Princeton, 1985), formed their professional partnership in 1993 in New York City after receiving their Masters of Architecture from Columbia University's GSAPP in 1991.

Over the course of its 22-year history, the team has completed architectural projects ranging in scale from large public buildings to high-end domestic interiors, and has designed furniture, packaging and bathroom fixtures for industrial production. Moneo and Brock are primarily design architects, with broad experience collaborating with larger firms and consultants in the production and coordination of architectural designs from conceptualization through construction completion. Maintaining ties with New York, the firm opened its principal office in Madrid, Spain, in 2002, where it remains today. They are currently working on international projects in the Dominican Republic and Mexico.
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David Chipperfield was born in London in 1953 and studied architecture at the Kingston School of Art and the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London before working at the practices of Douglas Stephen, Richard Rogers and Norman Foster.

In 1985 he founded David Chipperfield Architects, which today has over 300 staff at its offices in London, Berlin, Milan and Shanghai.

David Chipperfield has taught and held conferences in Europe and the United States and has received honorary degrees from the universities of Kingston and Kent.

He is a member of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and an honorary fellow of both the American Institute of Architects (AIA) and the Bund Deutscher Architekten (BDA). In 2009 he was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany and in 2010 he received a knighthood for services to architecture in the UK and Germany. In 2011 he received the RIBA Royal Gold Medal for Architecture and in 2013 the Praemium Imperiale from the Japan Art Association, while in 2021 he was appointed a member of the Order of the Companions of Honour in recognition of a lifetime’s work.

In 2012 he curated the 13th International Architecture Exhibition of the Venice Biennale.

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ODA is a New York based architecture and design firm. In the nine years since their inception, the have designed 45 buildings in NYC, encompassing a broad range of scales and typologies.

Eran Chen AIA, LEED®, is the founder and executive director of ODA. Chen is known for creating buildings that are radically innovative as well as fiscally and ecologically responsible. Since its inception in 2007, ODA has quickly become one of the most prolific and influential firms of its kind. Having developed groundbreaking residential projects in New York, Chen's work has been widely featured in such publications as The New York Times, New York Daily News, New York Spaces, Architectural Digest, Interior Design, and World Architecture News, among others. Chen's contributions to architecture have been recognized by the American Institute of Architects (AIA) and the Boston Society of Architects (BSA). He received a B.Arch Diploma with Honors from the Bezalel School of Art and Design in Jerusalem, where he serves on the board and as guest lecturer. He is a registered architect both in the State of New York and Boston and a member of The American Institute of Architects. Prior to founding ODA, Chen served as a principal at Perkins Eastman NYC.

P. Christian Bailey, AIA, LEED(r), studied architecture at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia. After graduating with a Bachelor of Architecture, he worked with design/build firms in Atlanta on various notable housing and furniture projects. Prior to ODA, Christian was a senior associate at Perkins Eastman Architects in New York City. During his seven years at the firm, Christian provided project management and design leadership for multifamily housing, hospitality, interiors, health care, and educational projects. Christian is a founding principal of the architecture and design practice, ODA. He is a registered architect in the State of New York, a member of the American Institute of Architecture, a LEED accredited professional and is best known for his mildly sympathetic manner and generally nonplussed attitude toward everything.

Ryoko Okada. As Principal and Director of Interior Architecture / Design, Ryoko Okada leads a team of skilled professionals to produce highly original, custom solutions for residential, hospitality and commercial clients. Her passion and sophisticated sense of color, grounded in a knowledge of materials and finishes combine to form a distinguished vision that provides for uniquely innovative and memorable creations. Ryoko, a certified interior designer in the State of New York, has had an extensive history of working on a variety of interior and architectural design projects in the United States and abroad. Her broad professional experience includes numerous hospitality, residential, retail, and theater projects. She also has years of experience in creating client-specific custom finishes and furniture designs. Ryoko received a Bachelor’s degree in Industrial Design from Chiba University in Japan and a Master’s degree in Interior Design from Pratt Institute in New York. Prior to joining ODA her other selected firm experiences include Jeffrey Beers International, Rockwell Architecture, Planning and Design, Perkins Eastman and Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates. Her work has been featured in Architectural Digest, Hospitality Design, Interior Design and New York Spaces, among others.
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Norman Foster is considered by many to be the most prominent architect in Britain. He won the 1999 Pritzker Architecture Prize and the 2009 Príncipe de Asturias de las Artes Prize.

Lord Foster rebuilt the Reichstag as a new German Parliament in Berlin and designed a contemporary Great Court for the British Museum. He linked St. Paul's Cathedral to the Tate Modern with the Millennium Bridge, a steel footbridge across the Thames. He designed the Hearst Corporation Building in Manhattan, at 57th Street and Eighth Avenue.

He was born in Manchester, England, in 1935. Among his firm’s many other projects are London’s City Hall, the Bilbao Metro in Spain, the Canary Wharf Underground Station in London and the renovated courtyard of the Smithsonian American Art Museum and National Portrait Gallery in Washington.

In the 1970s, Lord Foster was one of the most visible practitioners of high-tech architecture that fetishized machine culture. His triumphant 1986 Hong Kong and Shanghai bank building, conceived as a kit-of-parts plugged into a towering steel frame, was capitalism's answer to the populist Pompidou Center in Paris.

Nicolai Ouroussoff, The Times’s architecture critic, has written that although Lord Foster’s work has become sleeker and more predictable in recent years, his forms are always driven by an internal structural logic, and they treat their surroundings with a refreshing bluntness.

Awarded the Prince of Asturias of the Arts 2009.

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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was born in Aquisgran the 27th of Marz of 1886 and died in Chicago the 17th of August of 1969. He was active in Germany, from 1908 to 1938, when he moved to USA and where he was until his death. He was also considerate a “master” of the Modern Movement, since the 50s, and he was one of the fathers of this movement with Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright.

Mies van der Rohe, who in his childhood was guided by masters as Hendrik Petrus Berlage or Peter Behrens, he always kept tabs of the Villlet-Le-Duc’s rationalism or Karl Friedrich Schinkel eclectic classicism, having a strong connection with the architectural historicism. As he said in his manifesto “Baukunst und Zeiwille” about this: “it is not possible to move on looking back”.

In 1900 he began to work with his father in the stone workshop of the family and shortly afterward he move to Berlin to work with Bruno Paul in 1902, designing furniture. He planned his first house in 1907, the “Riehl House” in Neubabelsbers and worked from 1908 to 1911 in Peter Behrens’s studio. There he was influenced by structural technics and designs based on steel and glass, as the AEG project in Berlin. While he was in Behrens’s studio he designed the Perls House.

In 1912 he openned his own studio and projected a house in The Hague for Kröller-Müller marriage. The studio received few jobs in its first years, but Mies, contrary to architects as Le Corbusier, in his first years he already showed an architectural policy to follow, being an architect that changed little his architectural philosophy. To his epoch belonged the Heertrasse House and Urbig House as his principal projects.

In 1913 se move to the outskirts of Berlin with his wife Ada Bruhn with whom he would have three kids. The family broke up when Mies was posted to Romania during the World War I.

In 1920, Ludwig Mies changed his surname to Mies van der Rohe and in 1922 he joined as member to the “Novembergruppe”. One year later, in 1923, he published the magazine “G” with Doesburg Lisstzky and Rechter. During this period he worked in two houses, the Birck House and the Mosler House. In 1926, Mies van der Rohe held the post of chief commissioner of the German Werkbund exhibition, being his president this year. In this period he projected the Wolf House in Guden and the Hermann Lange House in Krefeld and in 1927, he met the designer Lilly Reich, in the house exhibition of Weissenhof, where he was director, and he planned a steel structure block for her.

In 1929, he received the project the German National Pavilion to the International Exhibition of Barcelona) rebuilt in 1986=, where he included the design of the famous Barcelona Chair.

In 1930, he planned in Brün – present Czech Republic -, the Tugendhat Villa. He managed the Dessau’s Bauhaus until his closure in 1933. The Nazism forced Mies to emigrate to the United States in 1937. He was designated chair of the Architecture department in Armour Institute in 1938, the one that later merged with the Lewis Institute, forming the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) and where he took the responsibility to build a considerable extent of the foundations of the Intitute from 1939 and 1958. One of the buildings of this complex is the Crown Hall, IIT (1950-1956).

In 1940, he met the person who would be his partner until his death, Lora Marx. He became citizen of the USA in 1944 and, one year later, he began with the Farnsworth House’s project (1945-1950). During this stage, in 1948, he designed his first skyscraper: the two towers of the Lake Drive Apartments in Chicago, which were finished in 1951. Shortly after, he planned other building of this typology, the Commonwealth Promenade Apartments, from 1953 to 1956.

In 1958 he projected his most important work: the Segram Building in New York. This building has 37 storeys, covered with glass and bronze, which built and planned with Philip Johnson. He retired from the Illinois Institute of Technology the same year. He also built more towers and complexes as: the Toronto Dominion Centre (1963-1969) and the Westmount Square (1965-1968) and designed the New Square and Office Tower of The City of London (1967).

From 1962 to 1968, he built the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin, which would be his last legacy to the architecture. The building that rose as exhibition hall is made of steel, glass and granite.

He died in Chicago the 17th of August if 1969 leaving behind a large legacy and influence to next generations.

The Mies van der Rohe’s most famous sentences are “Less is more” and “God is in the details”.
 

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Gensler is a global architecture, design, and planning firm with 46 locations and more than 5,000 professionals networked across Asia, Europe, Australia, the Middle East and the Americas. Founded in 1965, the firm serves more than 3,500 active clients in virtually every industry. Gensler designers strive to make the places people live, work and play more inspiring, more resilient, and more impactful.

Arthur Gensler Jr., FAIA, FIIDA, RIBA (1935—2021) founded the firm in 1965 together with his wife Drue and their colleague James Follet. He is widely credited with elevating the practice of interior design to professional standing. He was a Fellow of both the American Institute of Architects and the International Interior Design Association, and a professional member of the Royal Institute of British Architects. Art graduated from Cornell University’s College of Architecture, Art and Planning and was a member of its Advisory Council. A charter member of Interior Design magazine’s Hall of Fame and a recipient of IIDA’s Star Award, he also received Ernst & Young LLP’s Lifetime Achievement Award and the Cornell Entrepreneur of the Year Award. In 2015, he wrote Art’s Principles to offer entrepreneurs the business insights he wishes someone had given him when he was starting out.

Arthur Gensler is recognized as an industry icon and an astute businessman who propelled a small practice into the largest and most admired firm in the industry over the course of his 65-year career.
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Marcel Breuer, born in Hungary in 1902, was educated under the Bauhaus manifesto of “total construction”; this is likely why Breuer is well known for both his furniture designs as well as his numerous works of architecture, which ranged from small residences to monumental architecture and governmental buildings. His career flourished during the Modernist period in conjunction with architects and designers such as founder of Bauhaus, Walter Gropius, Le Corbusier and Mies van der Rohe.

Breuer began his career as first a student, then a teacher at the Bauhaus, a position that he secured in 1925. Incidentally, it was also the year that Breuer earned recognition for his design of the “Wassily” chair, a tubular steel chair – sleek and functional – that represented the industrial aesthetic and formal simplicity of the Modernist period.

In 1937 he was invited by instructor and colleague Walter Gropius to become a faculty member at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. There, he and Gropius worked together in a joint architectural firm. In 1941, Breuer split off from Gropius and opened his own practice. Much of Breuer’s early work was an exploration into post-war living. Projects like the “bi-nuclear house” were among many that were developed from this period by Breuer and his contemporaries. This was an era of the post-war boom, new materials and industries, prefabrication and the commodity of home ownership. By the 1950's, Breuer designed approximately sixty private residences.

Breuer’s career made a turning point when he was commissioned in 1953 to design the UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Headquarters in Paris. This public and monumental building marked Breuer’s return to Europe and public projects. It was also around this time that Breuer established a satellite office in Paris to oversea other European commissions while still working on projects in the United States.

In 1963, Breuer began work on the Whitney Museum of Art in New Yor Ckity, probably one of his best-known public projects. The museum clearly speaks to Breuer’s Brutalist design tendencies – the primary use of concrete, the top-heavy form, and minimal glazing. Over the next few decades, Breuer designed housing projects, various buildings in universities and schools across the country, museums, research centers, the US Embassy in the Netherlands, and several buildings for the United States government in Washington. His design career was also filled with various iterations of the “Wassily” chair and other furnishings whose aesthetic still carries associations and influence today.

Marcel Breuer died in New York, United States, in 1981 at the age of 71.

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